L’apicoltura biologica

APICOLTURA BIO
a cura di Federico Valobra – tecnico in apicoltura biologica
Scopo di questa sezione è agevolare chi ha deciso di intraprendere un’attività di apicoltura
biologica fornendo indicazioni sulla normativa in materia e sulle fasi di allevamento delle api, di produzione, lavorazione e vendita del miele e degli altri prodotti dell’alveare.
La notifica e il sistema di controllo (apri – pdf)
In agricoltura bioliogica l’operatore deve notificare la propria attività all’Ente competente (Province, Regione) ed essere seguito da un Organismo di controllo riconosciuto dal Ministero. In Lombardia la notifica viene fatta in modo telematico attraverso il programma SIARL e successivamente inviata in cartaceo alla Provincia competente. Gli Organismi di controllo, ricevuta la notifica, esercitano la loro funzione con visite periodiche all’azienda. L’attività di apicoltura biologica è sottoposta a notifica e controlli come le altre attività.
Normativa (apri – Pdf )
L’agricoltura e l’allevamento biologici sono disciplinati da Regolamenti europei. Il documento allegato presenta una selezione delle principali norme che interessano l’apicoltore che svolge attività secondo il metodo biologico: dalla scelta delle api, alla fase di conversione, etichettatura, produzione.
Scelta delle api (apri – Pdf)
La scheda allegata fornisce informazioni su: quale razza preferire, acquistare le api in allevamenti conformi, banca dati istituita dal Ministero etc..
Periodo di conversione e cera biologica (apri – Pdf)
Il periodo di conversione dal convenzionale all’allevamento biologico dura un anno. Durante questo periodo la cera dei favi da nido deve essere sostituita con cera biologica. Differenza tra cera convenzionale e biologica e quando può essere utilizzata la cera convenzionale.
Ubicazione degli apiari (apri – Pdf)
La scelta dell’ubicazione degli apiari è fondamentale. Nel biologico vanno privilegiati terreni condotti con metodo biologico o con tecniche di coltivazione a basso impatto ambientale. In ogni caso va garantita la distanza di almeno 3 km da autostrade, centri urbani, zone industriali etc..
Trattamenti sanitari (apri – Pdf)
Mettere in atto misure di prevenzione (scelta razze rustiche, rinnovo periodico delle regine e della cera, controllo costante della covata etc..) è caposaldo nel biologico. Le malattie però ci sono e la varroasi, su tutte, è la più temuta. In biologico non sono ammessi acaricidi, ma solo prodotti naturali. Sono ammessi interventi sanitari convenzionali purché la famiglia venga isolata, cambiata la cera e si ricominci il periodo di conversione. Il documento fornisce chiarimenti in merito all’uso di acido ossalico.
Lotta alla varroa con metodi biologici (apri – Pdf)
Monitoraggio dell’infestazione di varroa (apri – Pdf)
Il costante monitoraggio del livelli di infestazione consente interventi tempestivi. Molte sono le variabili che rendono la lotta a calendario una metodologia non più sicura (infestazioni ad agosto, famiglie che sopportano livelli di infestazione molti diversi a seconda degli anni etc..). La scheda contiene lo schema Commissione sanitaria UNAAPI con l’ipotesi di sviluppo della varroa da gennaio ad agosto.
Stima dell’infestazione di varroa(apri pdf )
La valutazione del livello di infestazione di varroa nell’apiario si basa essenzialmente su conteggi e successive stime. Vari sono i metodi che portano a una quantificazione della presenza degli acari nell’alveare: la conta delle api adulte, il controllo della caduta naturale, attraverso prodotti a base di acido ossalico, disopercolando la covata maschile. Per ognuno la scheda allegata spiega il metodo.
Il blocco di covata (apri – Pdf)
La conoscenza del ciclo di sviluppo della varroa è fondamentale per capire il principio su cui si basa la tecnica del blocco di covata, metodo molto laborioso che ha il pregio di essere utilizzato nell’allevamento biologico.
Il blocco artificiale della covata (apri – Pdf)
In commercio si trovano varie attrezzature e soluzioni tecniche da utilizzare per bloccare artificialmente la covata ma possono esserre anche artigianali e sperimentate direttamente dall’apicoltore. La scheda allegata presenta alcuni modelli di attrezzatura in commercio e ne descrive il funzionamento
Etichettatura del miele, etichetta per il biologico [pdf – pdf]
Laboratori [ Calendario dei lavori
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
Aprile-Maggio
Giugno
Luglio-Agosto
Settembre-Ottobre
Novembre-Dicembre
Norme di sicurezza in apicoltura clicca qui
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